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Portal:Cloud VPS/Admin/Ceph

From Wikitech

Ceph is a distributed storage platform which is used to provide shared block storage services for Cloud VPS instance disk and operating system images. This is a low level support system which is interesting to the Wikimedia Cloud Services team and others who work on the OpenStack hosting platform for the Cloud VPS product. It is not currently a Cloud VPS project admin or user facing feature.

Architecture

Hardware sizing

Hardware sizing recommendations using the results from our internal testing and community guidelines:

Type Bus Bandwidth (AVG) CPU Recommendations RAM Recommendations
HDD SATA 6Gb/s 150MB/s Xeon Silver 2GHz + 1 cpu core = 2 core-GHz per HDD 1GB for 1TB of storage
SSD* SATA 6Gb/s 450MB/s Xeon Silver 2GHz + 2 cpu cores = 4 core-GHz per SSD 1GB for 1TB of storage
NVME M.2. PCIe 32 Gb/s 3000MB/s Xeon Gold 2GHz * 5 cpu cores * 2 sockets = 20 core-GHz per NVME 2GB for each OSD

* POC cluster is equipped with SATA SSD drives

Note: When reviewing the sizing guides in the community keep in mind the types of drives and their capabilities.

In addition to the baseline CPU requirements, it's necessary to include additional CPU and RAM for the operating system and Ceph rebuilding, rebalancing and data scrubbing.

Next Phase Ceph OSD Server recommendation:

PowerEdge R440 Rack Server

  • 2 x Xeon Silver 4214 CPU 12 cores / 24 threads
  • 2 x 32GB RDIMM
  • 2 x 240GB SSD SATA (OS Drive)
  • 8 x 1.92TB SSD SATA (Data Drive)
  • 2 x 10GB NIC
  • No RAID (JBOD Only)

It's estimated that 15 OSD servers will provide enough initial storage capacity for existing virtual machine disk images and block devices.

BIOS

Base Settings

  • Ensure "Boot mode" is set to "BIOS" and not "UEFI". (This is required for the netboot process)

PXE boot settings

All Ceph hosts are equipped with a 10Gb Broadcom BCM57412 NIC and are not using the embedded onboard NIC.

  1. During the system boot, when prompted to configure the second Broadcom BCM57412 NIC device press "ctrl + s"
  2. On the main menu select "MBA Configuration" and toggle the "Boot Protocol" setting to "Preboot Execution Environment (PXE)"
  3. Press escape, then select "Exit and Save Configurations"
  4. After the system reboots, press "F2" to enter "System Setup"
  5. Navigate to "System BIOS > Boot Settings > BIOS Boot Settings"
  6. Select "Boot Sequence" and change the boot order to: "Hard dive C:", "NIC in Slot 2 Port 1..", "Embedded NIC 1 Port 1..."
  7. Exit System Setup, saving your changes and rebooting the system

Alternatively steps 4 through 7 can be replaced with racadm, but you will still need to enable the PXE boot protocol in the option ROM. 

/admin1-> racadm set BIOS.BiosBootSettings.bootseq HardDisk.List.1-1,NIC.Slot.2-1-1,NIC.Embedded.1-1-1
/admin1-> racadm jobqueue create BIOS.Setup.1-1
/admin1-> racadm serveraction hardreset

Storage

Operating System Disks

The Ceph OSD and Monitor servers are both using software mdadm RAID1 for the operating system. This RAID set is built using the first 2 (sda and sdb) SSD drives with the partman/raid1-2dev.cfg profile.

When mixing RAID and NON-RAID devices with the LSI Logic / Symbios Logic MegaRAID SAS-3 3108 storage adapter the device IDs get mapped incorrectly for our environment. The NON-RAID devices show up first followed by the RAID device. Due to this we've selected to use software MDADM RAID instead of hardware RAID.

Ceph OSD Disks

Ceph manages data redundancy in the application layer, because of this each OSD drive is configured as a JBOD in NON-RAID mode.

SSD Drive Details

Server Total Vendor Capacity Model Function
cloudcephmon100[1-3].wikimedia.org 2 Dell 480GB SSDSC2KB480G8R RAID1 operating system
cloudcephosd100[1-3].wikimedia.org 2 Dell 240GB SSDSC2KG240G8R RAID1 operating system
cloudcephosd100[1-3].wikimedia.org 8 Dell 1.92TB SSDSC2KG019T8R JBOD Ceph Bluestore

Network

Description and configuration hints about the network as related to the ceph project. Note that our ceph cluster is ipv4 only. Ceph can only do one or the other, and ipv4 is more useful for our current cloud setup.

switches

Given lack of 10G ports and physical racking space in eqiad row B, we got new dedicated 10G switches called cloudsw in different rows D and C.

There are physical cables that connect cloudsw1-d5-eqiad and cloudsw1-c8-eqiad, and then cloudsw1-c8-eqiad to asw2-b2 and asw2-b7.

Both cloudsw* and asw2-b* devices have at least the following 2 VLANs defined and trunked:

The special storage VLAN/subnet doesn't have a L3 gateway configured anywhere.

This is, we are stretching VLANs across rows.

servers

Ceph storage nodes (cloudcephosdXXXX) have 2 NICs connected to 2 different networks:

Ceph monitor nodes (cloudcephmonXXXX) have 1 NIC connected to:

Hypervisor servers (cloudvirtXXXX) are expected to connect to cloudcephmonXXXX using the cloud-hosts1-b-eqiad subnet, thus a direct connection (no L3 gateway involved).

Operating System

All Ceph hosts will be using Debian 10 (Buster).

Ceph Packaging

Buster does not include a recent version of Ceph and Ceph does not provide packages for Buster (tracked at https://tracker.ceph.com/issues/42870).

Croit provides Debian Buster packages that are built using the Ceph build process and available to the community https://croit.io/2019/07/07/2019-07-07-debian-mirror https://github.com/croit/ceph. These packages have been mirrored to our local APT repository.

Puppet

Roles

  • wmcs::ceph::mon Deploys the Ceph monitor and manager daemon to support CloudVPS hypervisors
  • wmcs::ceph::osd Deploys the Ceph object storage daemon to support CloudVPS hypervisors
  • role::wmcs::openstack::eqiad1::virt_ceph Deploys nova-compute configured with RBD based virtual machines (Note that switching between this role and wmcs::openstack::eqiad1::virt should work gracefully without a rebuild)

Profiles

  • profile::ceph::client::rbd Install and configure a Ceph RBD client
  • profile::ceph::osd Install and configure Ceph object storage daemon
  • profile::ceph::mon Install and configure Ceph monitor and manager daemon
  • profile::ceph::alerts Configure Ceph cluster alerts in Icinga

Modules

  • ceph Install and configure the base Ceph installation used by all services and clients
  • ceph::admin Configures the Ceph administrator keyring
  • ceph::mgr Install and configure the Ceph manager daemon
  • ceph::mon Install and configure the Ceph monitor daemon
  • ceph::keyring Defined resource that manages access control and keyrings

Post Installation Procedures

Adding OSDs

Using cookbooks

Pre-flight checks

You have to make sure that the following is setup correctly:

Run the cookbook

Once that is merged, you can run the cookbook, from your laptop or from the cloudcumin node: 

dcaro@vulcanus$ cookbook wmcs.ceph.osd.bootstrap_and_add -h
usage: cookbook [GLOBAL_ARGS] wmcs.ceph.osd.bootstrap_and_add [-h] [--project PROJECT] [--task-id TASK_ID] [--no-dologmsg] --cluster-name {eqiad1,codfw1} --osd-hostname OSD_HOSTNAME [--skip-reboot] [--only-check] [--yes-i-know-what-im-doing] [--batch-size BATCH_SIZE] [--wait-for-rebalance] [--force]

WMCS Ceph - Bootstrap a new osd

Usage example:
    cookbook wmcs.ceph.osd.bootstrap_and_add \
        --new-osd-fqdn cloudcephosd1016.eqiad.wmnet \
        --task-id T12345

options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --project PROJECT     Relevant Cloud VPS openstack project (for operations, dologmsg, etc). If this cookbook is for hardware, this only affects dologmsg calls. Default is 'admin'.
  --task-id TASK_ID     Id of the task related to this operation (ex. T123456). (default: None)
  --no-dologmsg         To disable dologmsg calls (no SAL messages on IRC). (default: False)
  --cluster-name {eqiad1,codfw1}
                        Ceph cluster to roll restart. (default: None)
  --osd-hostname OSD_HOSTNAME
                        Hostname of the new OSDs to add. Repeat for each new OSD. If specifying more than one, consider passing --yes-i-know-what-im-doing (default: None)
  --skip-reboot         If passed, will not do the first reboot before adding the new osds. Useful when the machine has already some running OSDs and you are sure the reboot is not needed. (default: False)
  --only-check          If passed, will only run the pre-setup checks on the host and report back, nothing more. (default: False)
  --yes-i-know-what-im-doing
                        If passed, will not ask for confirmation. WARNING: this might cause data loss, use only when you are sure what you are doing. (default: False)
  --batch-size BATCH_SIZE
                        Number of osds to bring up at a time to avoid congesting the network, use 0 for all at once. (default: 4)
  --wait-for-rebalance  If passed, will wait for the cluster to do the rebalancing after adding the new OSDs. Note that this might take several hours. (default: False)
  --force               If passed, will continue even if the cluster is not in a healthy state. (default: False)

An example run would be: 

cookbook wmcs.ceph.osd.bootstrap_and_add --cluster-name eqiad1 --task-id T371878 --osd-hostname cloudcephosd1035 --wait-for-rebalance

Manually

Ensure OSD nodes can talk to Ceph nodes: 

root@cloudcephmon2001-dev: ceph auth import -i /var/lib/ceph/bootstrap-osd/ceph.keyring

Locate available disks with lsblk 

 cloudcephosd1001:~# lsblk
 NAME                                                                                                  MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
 sda                                                                                                     8:0    0 223.6G  0 disk
 ├─sda1                                                                                                  8:1    0  46.6G  0 part
 │ └─md0                                                                                                 9:0    0  46.5G  0 raid1 /
 ├─sda2                                                                                                  8:2    0   954M  0 part
 │ └─md1                                                                                                 9:1    0   953M  0 raid1 [SWAP]
 └─sda3                                                                                                  8:3    0 176.1G  0 part
   └─md2                                                                                                 9:2    0   176G  0 raid1
     └─cloudcephosd1001--vg-data                                                                       253:2    0 140.8G  0 lvm   /srv
 sdb                                                                                                     8:16   0 223.6G  0 disk
 ├─sdb1                                                                                                  8:17   0  46.6G  0 part
 │ └─md0                                                                                                 9:0    0  46.5G  0 raid1 /
 ├─sdb2                                                                                                  8:18   0   954M  0 part
 │ └─md1                                                                                                 9:1    0   953M  0 raid1 [SWAP]
 └─sdb3                                                                                                  8:19   0 176.1G  0 part
   └─md2                                                                                                 9:2    0   176G  0 raid1
     └─cloudcephosd1001--vg-data                                                                       253:2    0 140.8G  0 lvm   /srv
 sdc                                                                                                     8:80   0   1.8T  0 disk
 sdd                                                                                                     8:96   0   1.8T  0 disk
 sde                                                                                                     8:80   0   1.8T  0 disk
 sdf                                                                                                     8:80   0   1.8T  0 disk
 sdg                                                                                                     8:96   0   1.8T  0 disk
 sdh                                                                                                     8:112  0   1.8T  0 disk
 sdi                                                                                                     8:128  0   1.8T  0 disk
 sdj                                                                                                     8:144  0   1.8T  0 disk

To prepare a disk for Ceph first zap the disk 

 cloudcephosd1001:~# ceph-volume lvm zap /dev/sdc
 --> Zapping: /dev/sdc
 --> --destroy was not specified, but zapping a whole device will remove the partition table
 Running command: /bin/dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc bs=1M count=10
  stderr: 10+0 records in
 10+0 records out
 10485760 bytes (10 MB, 10 MiB) copied, 0.00357845 s, 2.9 GB/s
 --> Zapping successful for: <Raw Device: /dev/sdc>

Then prepare, activate and start the new OSD 

 cloudcephosd1001:~# ceph-volume lvm create --bluestore --data /dev/sde

You may need to explicitly set the osd class to SSD. First check how it displays with 

 ceph osd tree

If incorrect, set to ssd with: 

ceph osd crush rm-device-class      osd.<number>
ceph osd crush set-device-class ssd osd.<number>

Common issues

OSDs not joining due to missed heartbeats

This happened only once, but it was tricky to figure out. The behavior is that newly added osds start joining the cluster, but fail to reply/receive heartbeats from other osds and end up getting flagged out by the mon nodes.

On the osd logs you could see messages like: 

>$ journalctl -f -u ceph-osd@191.service
...
Aug 17 11:03:37 cloudcephosd1025 ceph-osd[15007]: 2022-08-17 11:03:37.177 7f3559652700 -1 osd.191 17192523 heartbeat_check: no reply from 10.64.20.58:6826 osd.0 ever on either front or back, first ping sent 2022-08-17 11:03:15.776557 (oldest deadline 2022-08-17 11:03:35.776557)
Aug 17 11:03:38 cloudcephosd1025 ceph-osd[15007]: 2022-08-17 11:03:38.133 7f3559652700 -1 osd.191 17192523 heartbeat_check: no reply from 10.64.20.58:6826 osd.0 ever on either front or back, first ping sent 2022-08-17 11:03:15.776557 (oldest deadline 2022-08-17 11:03:35.776557)
Aug 17 11:03:38 cloudcephosd1025 ceph-osd[15007]: 2022-08-17 11:03:38.133 7f3559652700 -1 osd.191 17192523 heartbeat_check: no reply from 10.64.20.58:6826 osd.0 ever on either front or back, first ping sent 2022-08-17 11:03:15.776557 (oldest deadline 2022-08-17 11:03:35.776557)
...

The issue this time was that the jumbo frames were not allowed by the network gear on some routes (task T315446), a quick way of checking could be: 

>$ for ip in $(grep addr /etc/ceph/ceph.conf | awk '{print $4}'); do ping -M do -4 -c 1 -W 1 -s 8972 $ip 1>/dev/null 2>&1 && echo "$ip: ok" || echo "$ip: nook"; done

Creating Pools

To create a new storage pool you will first need to determine the number of placement groups that will be assigned to the new pool. You can use the calculator at https://ceph.io/pgcalc/ to help identify the starting point (not you can easily increase, but not decrease this value): 

sudo ceph osd pool create eqiad1-compute 512

Enable the RBD application for the new pool 

sudo ceph osd pool application enable eqiad1-compute rbd

Configuring Client Keyrings

The Cloud VPS hypervisors connect to the compute pool using RBD. After running the following command the keyring data should be stored in private hiera file: eqiad/profile/ceph/client/rbd.yaml with profile::ceph::client::rbd::keydata key. (Note all nova-compute hypervisors are configured to use the same Ceph keyring) 

 cloudcephmon1001:~$ sudo ceph auth get-or-create client.eqiad1-compute mon 'profile rbd' osd 'profile rbd pool=compute'

As of 2021-02-23 many of the caps are managed by hand rather than puppetized. To see the current state use 

 cloudcephmon1001:~$ ceph auth ls

To adjust caps, use 'ceph auth caps'. Here's an example of adding r/w rbd access to one pool and r/o access to another pool to the client.eqiad1-compute keyring: 

root@cloudcephmon1001:~# ceph auth caps client.eqiad1-compute mon 'profile rbd' osd 'profile rbd-read-only pool=eqiad1-glance-images, profile rbd pool=eqiad1-compute'
updated caps for client.eqiad1-compute

Monitoring

The Ceph managers are configured to run a Prometheus exporter that exports global cluster metrics. This exporter is only active on one manager at a time, failing over between active managers is handled directly by Ceph. The cloudmetrics Prometheus server is configured to scrape this exporter.

Logs

You can find all related logs here:

Dashboards

You can find all the ceph related dashboards.

Icinga alerts

These alerts are global to the Ceph cluster and configured on the icinga1001 host to avoid getting multiple notifications for a single event.

Ceph Cluster Health

  • Description
    Ceph storage cluster health check
  • Status Codes
    • 0 - healthy, all services are healthy
    • 1 - warn, cluster is running in a degraded state, data is still accessible
    • 2 - critical, cluster is failed, some or all data is inaccessible
  • Next steps
    • On one of the ceph monitor hosts (e.g. cloudcephmon1001.wikimedia.org) check the output of the command sudo ceph --status. Example output from a healthy cluster:
cloudcephmon1001:~$ sudo ceph --status
 cluster:
   id:     5917e6d9-06a0-4928-827a-f489384975b1
   health: HEALTH_OK

 services:
   mon: 3 daemons, quorum cloudcephmon1001,cloudcephmon1002,cloudcephmon1003 (age 3w)
   mgr: cloudcephmon1002(active, since 10d), standbys: cloudcephmon1003, cloudcephmon1001
   osd: 24 osds: 24 up (since 3w), 24 in (since 3w)

 data:
   pools:   1 pools, 256 pgs
   objects: 3 objects, 19 B
   usage:   25 GiB used, 42 TiB / 42 TiB avail
   pgs:     256 active+clean

Note: As of 2020-09-10, ceph health checks will sometimes incorrectly report a small number of slow ops. Restarting the active monitor service will clean up these warnings -- that's a good thing to try before obsessing over a slow ops warning.

Ceph Monitor Quorum

  • Description
    Verify there are enough Ceph monitor daemons running for proper quorum
  • Status Codes
    • 0 - healthy, 3 or more Ceph Monitors are running
    • 2 - critical, Less than 3 Ceph monitors are running
  • Next steps
    • On one of the ceph monitor hosts (e.g. cloudcephmon1001.wikimedia.org) check the output of the command sudo ceph mon stat. Example output from a healthy cluster:
cloudcephmon1001:~$ sudo ceph mon stat
e1: 3 mons at {cloudcephmon1001=[v2:208.80.154.148:3300/0,v1:208.80.154.148:6789/0],cloudcephmon1002=[v2:208.80.154.149:3300/0,v1:208.80.154.149:6789/0],cloudcephmon1003=[v2:208.80.154.150:3300/0,v1:208.80.154.150:6789/0]}, election epoch 24, leader 0 cloudcephmon1001, quorum 0,1,2 cloudcephmon1001,cloudcephmon1002,cloudcephmon1003

Maintenance

Restarting Ceph nodes

You can use the cookbooks for roll rebooting ceph node types, they will take care of making sure the cluster is healthy at every step, silencing alert during the reboot, etc.: 

dcaro@vulcanus$ cookbook -l wmcs.ceph.roll
cookbooks
`-- wmcs
    `-- wmcs.ceph
        |-- wmcs.ceph.roll_reboot_mons
        `-- wmcs.ceph.roll_reboot_osds


Restarting Ceph services

Always ensure the cluster is healthy before restarting any services 

user@cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo ceph -s
  cluster:
    id:     5917e6d9-06a0-4928-827a-f489384975b1
    health: HEALTH_OK
 
  services:
    mon: 3 daemons, quorum cloudcephmon1001,cloudcephmon1002,cloudcephmon1003 (age 14m)
    mgr: cloudcephmon1002(active, since 17m), standbys: cloudcephmon1001, cloudcephmon1003
    osd: 24 osds: 24 up (since 10w), 24 in (since 10w)
 
  data:
    pools:   1 pools, 256 pgs
    objects: 41.22k objects, 160 GiB
    usage:   502 GiB used, 41 TiB / 42 TiB avail
    pgs:     256 active+clean
 
  io:
    client:   25 KiB/s wr, 0 op/s rd, 1 op/s wr

ceph-crash

The ceph-crash service can be restarted on all hosts without any service interruption 

user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'P{R:Class = role::wmcs::ceph::mon or R:Class = role::wmcs::ceph::osd}' 'systemctl restart ceph-crash'
[..]

ceph-mgr

The ceph-mgr service can be restarted one by one across the ceph-mon hosts 

user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'cloudcephmon1001.wikimedia.org' 'systemctl restart ceph-mgr@cloudcephmon1001'
user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'cloudcephmon1002.wikimedia.org' 'systemctl restart ceph-mgr@cloudcephmon1002'
user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'cloudcephmon1003.wikimedia.org' 'systemctl restart ceph-mgr@cloudcephmon1003'

ceph-mon

IMPORTANT: This process should be run by the WMCS team

IMPORTANT: Only one Ceph-mon can be offline at anytime.

The ceph-mon service can be restarted one by one across the ceph-mon hosts, in between restarts ensure the services have rejoined the cluster 

user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'cloudcephmon1001.wikimedia.org' 'systemctl restart ceph-mon@cloudcephmon1001'
user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'cloudcephmon1001.wikimedia.org' 'ceph -s'
user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'cloudcephmon1002.wikimedia.org' 'systemctl restart ceph-mon@cloudcephmon1002'
user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'cloudcephmon1002.wikimedia.org' 'ceph -s'
user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'cloudcephmon1003.wikimedia.org' 'systemctl restart ceph-mon@cloudcephmon1003'
user@cumin1001:~$ sudo cumin 'cloudcephmon1003.wikimedia.org' 'ceph -s'

Example healthy output from ceph -s 

...
  services:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
   mon: 3 daemons, quorum cloudcephmon1001,cloudcephmon1002,cloudcephmon1003 (age 7s)                                                                                                                                                                             
   mgr: cloudcephmon1002(active, since 2m), standbys: cloudcephmon1001, cloudcephmon1003                                                                                                                                                                          
   osd: 24 osds: 24 up (since 10w), 24 in (since 10w)     
...

ceph-osd

IMPORTANT: This process should be run by the WMCS team

IMPORTANT: Restarting multiple ceph-osd processes together can cause service outage or heavy network utilization during data rebalancing.

Until we have more Ceph OSD servers, we'll want to restart each OSD one at a time to ensure the cluster remains healthy.

Identify the systemctl unit files for each OSD 

user@cloudcephosd1001:~$ systemctl | grep ceph-osd@[0-9]
 ceph-osd@0.service                                                                               loaded active running   Ceph object storage daemon osd.0                                             
 ceph-osd@1.service                                                                               loaded active running   Ceph object storage daemon osd.1                                             
 ceph-osd@12.service                                                                              loaded active running   Ceph object storage daemon osd.12                                            
 ceph-osd@15.service                                                                              loaded active running   Ceph object storage daemon osd.15                                            
 ceph-osd@18.service                                                                              loaded active running   Ceph object storage daemon osd.18                                            
 ceph-osd@21.service                                                                              loaded active running   Ceph object storage daemon osd.21                                            
 ceph-osd@3.service                                                                               loaded active running   Ceph object storage daemon osd.3                                             
 ceph-osd@9.service                                                                               loaded active running   Ceph object storage daemon osd.9

Restart the ceph-osd services one by one 

user@cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo systemctl restart ceph-osd@0

Ceph health after restarting a service 

user@cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo ceph -s
  cluster:
    id:     5917e6d9-06a0-4928-827a-f489384975b1
    health: HEALTH_WARN
            1 osds down
 ...

Once the OSD is back online the data verification begins 

user@cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo ceph -s
  cluster:
    id:     5917e6d9-06a0-4928-827a-f489384975b1
    health: HEALTH_WARN
            Degraded data redundancy: 1842/123657 objects degraded (1.490%), 11 pgs degraded
 ...

Within a few seconds the OSD should be fully back online and healthy 

user@cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo ceph -s
  cluster:
    id:     5917e6d9-06a0-4928-827a-f489384975b1
    health: HEALTH_OK
 ...

Removing or Replacing a failed OSD drive

The process to remove or replace a failed OSD are the same. Both the OSD configuration and service are removed from the storage cluster.

  1. Locate the failed OSD (osd.0 in this example) 
    cloudcephmon1001:~$ sudo ceph osd tree
ID CLASS WEIGHT   TYPE NAME                 STATUS REWEIGHT PRI-AFF 
-1       41.90625 root default                                      
-3       13.96875     host cloudcephosd1001                         
 0   ssd  1.74609         osd.0               down  1.00000 1.00000 
 1   ssd  1.74609         osd.1                 up  1.00000 1.00000 
 3   ssd  1.74609         osd.3                 up  1.00000 1.00000 
 9   ssd  1.74609         osd.9                 up  1.00000 1.00000 
12   ssd  1.74609         osd.12                up  1.00000 1.00000 
15   ssd  1.74609         osd.15                up  1.00000 1.00000 
18   ssd  1.74609         osd.18                up  1.00000 1.00000 
21   ssd  1.74609         osd.21                up  1.00000 1.00000 
-5       13.96875     host cloudcephosd1002                         
 2   ssd  1.74609         osd.2                 up  1.00000 1.00000 
 4   ssd  1.74609         osd.4                 up  1.00000 1.00000 
 5   ssd  1.74609         osd.5                 up  1.00000 1.00000 
10   ssd  1.74609         osd.10                up  1.00000 1.00000 
13   ssd  1.74609         osd.13                up  1.00000 1.00000 
16   ssd  1.74609         osd.16                up  1.00000 1.00000 
19   ssd  1.74609         osd.19                up  1.00000 1.00000 
22   ssd  1.74609         osd.22                up  1.00000 1.00000 
-7       13.96875     host cloudcephosd1003                         
 6   ssd  1.74609         osd.6                 up  1.00000 1.00000 
 7   ssd  1.74609         osd.7                 up  1.00000 1.00000 
 8   ssd  1.74609         osd.8                 up  1.00000 1.00000 
11   ssd  1.74609         osd.11                up  1.00000 1.00000 
14   ssd  1.74609         osd.14                up  1.00000 1.00000 
17   ssd  1.74609         osd.17                up  1.00000 1.00000 
20   ssd  1.74609         osd.20                up  1.00000 1.00000 
23   ssd  1.74609         osd.23                up  1.00000 1.00000
  2. Stop the ceph-osd service on the server with the failed OSD 
    cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo systemctl stop ceph-osd@0
  3. Remove the OSD from Ceph 
    cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo ceph osd out 0
  4. Verify that Ceph is rebuilding the placement groups 
    cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo ceph health -w
  5. Remove the OSD from the CRUSH map 
    cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo ceph osd crush remove osd.0
  6. Remove the OSD authentication keys 
    cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo ceph auth del osd.0
  7. Remove the OSD from Ceph 
    cloudcephosd1001:~$ sudo ceph osd rm osd.0
  8. Replace the physical drive
  9. Follow the process to add a new OSD once the drive is replaced

Clients

Rate limiting

Native

Native RBD rate limiting is supported in the Ceph Nautilus release. Due to upstream availability and multiple Debian releases we will likely have a mixture of older Ceph client versions during phase1.

Available rate limiting options and their defaults in the Nautilus release: 

$ rbd config pool ls <pool> | grep qos
rbd_qos_bps_burst                                   0         config
rbd_qos_bps_limit                                   0         config
rbd_qos_iops_burst                                  0         config
rbd_qos_iops_limit                                  0         config
rbd_qos_read_bps_burst                              0         config
rbd_qos_read_bps_limit                              0         config
rbd_qos_read_iops_burst                             0         config
rbd_qos_read_iops_limit                             0         config
rbd_qos_schedule_tick_min                           50        config
rbd_qos_write_bps_burst                             0         config
rbd_qos_write_bps_limit                             0         config
rbd_qos_write_iops_burst                            0         config
rbd_qos_write_iops_limit                            0         config

OpenStack

IO rate limiting can also be managed using a flavor's metadata. This will trigger libvirt to apply `iotune` limits on the ephemeral disk.

Available disk tuning options
  • disk_read_bytes_sec
  • disk_read_iops_sec
  • disk_write_bytes_sec
  • disk_write_iops_sec
  • disk_total_bytes_sec
  • disk_total_iops_sec

Example commands to create or modify flavors metadata with rate limiting options roughly equal to a 7200RPM SATA Disk: 

openstack flavor create \
  --ram 2048 \
  --disk 20 \
  --vcpus 1 \
  --private \
  --project testlabs \
  --id 857921a5-f0af-4069-8ad1-8f5ea86c8ba2 \
  --property quota:disk_total_iops_sec=200 m1.small-ceph

openstack flavor set --property quota:disk_total_bytes_sec=250000000 857921a5-f0af-4069-8ad1-8f5ea86c8ba2

The Ceph host aggregate will pin flavors to the Hypervisors configured to use Ceph 

openstack flavor set --property aggregate_instance_extra_specs:ceph=true 857921a5-f0af-4069-8ad1-8f5ea86c8ba2

Example rate limit configuration as seen by libvirt. (virsh dumpxml <instance name>) 

<target dev='sda' bus='virtio'/>
 <iotune>
  <total_bytes_sec>250000000</total_bytes_sec>
  <total_iops_sec>200</total_iops_sec>
 </iotune>

NOTE: Updating a flavors metadata does not have any effect on existing virtual machines.

When a virtual machine is created the requested flavor data is copied to the instance, and any future updates to the flavor are ignored. This script will connect to the Nova database and directly modify extra specs. 

$ wmcs-vm-extra-specs --help
usage: wmcs-vm-extra-specs [-h] [--nova-db-server NOVA_DB_SERVER] [--nova-db NOVA_DB] [--mysql-password MYSQL_PASSWORD]
                          uuid
                          {quota:disk_read_bytes_sec,
                           quota:disk_read_iops_sec,
                           quota:disk_total_bytes_sec,
                           quota:disk_total_iops_sec,
                           quota:disk_write_bytes_sec,
                           quota:disk_write_iops_sec}
                          spec_value

Glance

Glance images used by Ceph based virtual machines should have the hw_scsi_model=virtio-scsi hw_disk_bus=scsi properties defined. These properties will enable SCSI discard operations and instruct Ceph to remove blocks that have been deleted.

Image create example 

openstack image create --file debian-buster-20191218.qcow2 \
  --disk-format "qcow2" \
  --property hw_scsi_model=virtio-scsi \
  --property hw_disk_bus=scsi \
  --public \
  debian-10.0-buster

(Once Glance is configured to store images in Ceph, the disk-format will change from qcow2 to raw)

Nova compute

Migrating local VMs to Ceph

Switch puppet roles to the Ceph enabled wmcs::openstack::eqiad1::virt_ceph role. In operations/puppet/manifest/site.pp: 

node 'cloudvirt1022.eqiad.wmnet' {
   role(wmcs::openstack::eqiad1::virt_ceph)
}

Run the puppet agent on the hypervisor 

hypervisor $ sudo puppet agent -tv

Shutdown the VM 

cloudcontrol $ openstack server stop <UUID>

Convert the local QCOW2 image to raw and upload to Ceph 

hypervisor $ qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O raw /var/lib/nova/instances/<UUID>/disk rbd:compute/<UUID>_disk:id=eqiad1-compute

Undefine the virtual machine. This command removes the existing libvirt definition from the hypervisor, once nova attempts to start the VM it will be redefined with the RBD configuration. (This step can be ignored, but you may notice some errors in nova-compute.log until the VM has been restarted) 

hypervisor $ virsh undefine <OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:instance_name>

Cleanup local storage files 

hypervisor $ rm /var/lib/nova/instances/<UUID>/disk
hypervisor $ rm /var/lib/nova/instances/<UUID>/disk.info

Power on the VM 

cloudcontrol $ openstack server start <UUID>

Reverting back to local storage

Shutdown the VM 

cloudcontrol $ openstack server stop <UUID>

Convert the Ceph raw image back to QCOW2 on the local hypervisor 

hypervisor $ qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2 rbd:compute/<UUID>_disk:id=eqiad1-compute /var/lib/nova/instances/UUID/disk

Power on the VM 

cloudcontrol $ openstack server start <UUID>

CPU Model Type

A virtual machine can only be live migrated to a hypervisor matching the same CPU. CloudVPS currently has multiple CPU models and is using the default "host-model" nova configuration.

To enable live migration between any production hypervisor, the cpu_mode parameter should match the lowest hypervisor CPU model.

Hypervisor range CPU model Launch date
cloudvirt[1023-1030].eqiad.wmnet Gold 6140 Skylake 2017
cloudvirt[1016-1022].eqiad.wmnet E5-2697 v4 Broadwell 2016
cloudvirt[1012-1014].eqiad.wmnet E5-2697 v3 Haswell 2014
cloudvirt[1001-1009].eqiad.wmnet E5-2697 v2 Ivy Bridge 2013

Virtual Machine Images

Important: Using QCOW2 for hosting a virtual machine disk is NOT recommended. If you want to boot virtual machines in Ceph (ephemeral backend or boot from volume), please use the raw image format within Glance.

Once all CloudVPS virtual machines have been migrated to Ceph we can convert the existing virtual machine images in Glance from QCOW2 to raw. This will avoid having nova-compute convert the image each time a new virtual machine is created.

Object Storage via Radosgw

Cloud-vps provides S3 and swift-compatible object storage with auth and discovery managed by Openstack Keystone. These APIs are served by the Ceph rados gateway.

Radosgw runs on cloudcontrols and is configured using standard ceph config files. Its keyring is /etc/ceph/ceph.client.radosgw.keyring and its major config is in the [client.radosgw] section of /etc/ceph/ceph.conf. Both of the above are managed by puppet.

Even though the swift object storage endpoint emulates and openstack service (and can be discovered via keystone), it is managed by different commands. For example, radosgw quotas are managed with the radosgw-admin tool.

VirtIO SCSI devices

Currently CloudVPS virtual machines are configured with the virtio-blk driver. This driver does not support discard/trim operations to free up deleted blocks.

Discard support can be enabled by using the virtio-scsi driver, but it's important to note that the device labels will change from /dev/vda to /dev/sda.

IO Throttles in Nova Flavors

To avoid bandwidth and iops contention between VMs, most VMs are throttled with the following limits:

disk_total_bytes_sec: 10000000 disk_read_iops_sec: 5000 disk_write_iops_sec: 500

Any newly created flavor should be altered with the following commands: 

openstack flavor set --property aggregate_instance_extra_specs:ceph=true <flavorid>
openstack flavor set --property quota:disk_total_bytes_sec='200000000' <flavorid>
openstack flavor set --property quota:disk_write_iops_sec='500' <flavorid>
openstack flavor set --property quota:disk_read_iops_sec='5000' <flavorid>

Those numbers are based on the following assumptions:

Some of the math for all this can be found at https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1_fRqCLLA8zBJP9pFnPEj4x-6aG5yM_ZMFbTHPZTPSeI/edit#gid=1136514968

Performance Testing

Network

Jumbo frames (9k MTU) have been configured to improve the network throughput and overall network performance, as well as reduce the CPU utilization on the Ceph OSD servers.

Baseline (default tuning options)

Iperf options used to simulate Ceph storage IO. 

-N disable Nagle's Algorithm
-l 4M set read/write buffer size to 4 megabyte
-P number of parallel client threads to run (one per OSD)

Server: 

iperf -s -N -l 4M

Client: 

iperf -c <server> -N -l 4M -P 8
cloudcephosd <-> cloudcephosd
[ ID] Interval       Transfer     Bandwidth
[  3]  0.0-10.0 sec  2.74 GBytes  2.35 Gbits/sec
[ 10]  0.0-10.0 sec  2.74 GBytes  2.35 Gbits/sec
[  9]  0.0-10.0 sec   664 MBytes   557 Mbits/sec
[  6]  0.0-10.0 sec   720 MBytes   603 Mbits/sec
[  5]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.38 GBytes  1.18 Gbits/sec
[ 13]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.38 GBytes  1.18 Gbits/sec
[  7]  0.0-10.0 sec   720 MBytes   602 Mbits/sec
[  8]  0.0-10.0 sec   720 MBytes   603 Mbits/sec
[SUM]  0.0-10.0 sec  11.0 GBytes  9.42 Gbits/sec
cloudvirt1022 -> cloudcephosd
cloudvirt1022 <-> cloudcephosd: 8.55 Gbits/sec
[ ID] Interval       Transfer     Bandwidth
[  7]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.11 GBytes   949 Mbits/sec
[  6]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.25 GBytes  1.07 Gbits/sec
[  4]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.39 GBytes  1.19 Gbits/sec
[  9]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.24 GBytes  1.06 Gbits/sec
[ 10]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.07 GBytes   920 Mbits/sec
[  5]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.36 GBytes  1.16 Gbits/sec
[  3]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.41 GBytes  1.21 Gbits/sec
[  8]  0.0-10.0 sec  1.17 GBytes  1.00 Gbits/sec
[SUM]  0.0-10.0 sec  10.0 GBytes  8.55 Gbits/sec

Ceph RBD

To browse an exhaustive set of performance tests you can go to the cloud ceph test result explorer.

To run the tests you can download the scripts and code.

CLI examples

Create, format and mount a RBD image (useful for testing / debugging) 

$ rbd create datatest --size 250 --pool compute --image-feature layering
$ rbd map datatest --pool compute --name client.admin
$ mkfs.ext4 -m0 /dev/rbd0
$ mount /dev/rbd0 /mnt/

$ umount /mnt
$ rbd unmap /dev/rbd0
$ rbd rm compute/datatest

List RBD nova images 

$ rbd ls -p compute
9e2522ca-fd5e-4d42-b403-57afda7584c0_disk

Show RBD image information 

$ rbd info -p compute 9051203e-b858-4ec9-acfd-44b9e5c0ecb1_disk
rbd image '9051203e-b858-4ec9-acfd-44b9e5c0ecb1_disk':
       size 20 GiB in 5120 objects
       order 22 (4 MiB objects)
       snapshot_count: 0
       id: aec56b8b4567
       block_name_prefix: rbd_data.aec56b8b4567
       format: 2
       features: layering, exclusive-lock, object-map, fast-diff, deep-flatten
       op_features:
       flags:
       create_timestamp: Mon Jan  6 21:36:11 2020
       access_timestamp: Mon Jan  6 21:36:11 2020
       modify_timestamp: Mon Jan  6 21:36:11 2020

View RBD image with qemu tools on a hypervisor 

$ qemu-img info rbd:<pool>/<vm uuid>_disk:id=<ceph user>
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